Compelling Mozilla-backed research, carried out by Research ICT Africa, finds that significant barriers to Internet access remains in four African countries \u2013 Rwanda, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa. The research aims to understand, from a comparative perspective, how the citizens use the Internet when data is subsidised and when it is not.<\/p>\n
Knowing that affordability is one of the primary barriers to Internet access and particular optimal use, the main objective of the focus groups was to obtain qualitative information that reflects the perceptions of female and male Internet users, new users and non-Internet users from urban and rural locations about how people use the Internet.<\/p>\n
A 2016 International Telecommunications Union report estimates that only about 25% of the population of Africa has access to the Internet. Results of the research included the following findings:<\/p>\n
\u2022 In all the countries, across demographics, access to subsidised data did not result significantly in new users going online.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Use of subsidised data is just one of many strategies employed by users to manage costs in these four African countries.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Uptake of zero-rating varied across the four countries. Awareness was low and scepticism of free services was high in Nigeria, whereas in Rwanda bundles with unlimited WhatsApp and Facebook were very popular. In Kenya and South Africa, the zero-rated services were welcomed for their cost-reducing nature.<\/p>\n
\u2022 There was substantial interest and uptake in Equal Rating-compliant, partially subsidised data bundles that provide access to the entire Internet, not just some parts of it (e.g. Cell C\u2019s offering of 250MB between 1am and 7am for R6 in South Africa or an MTN bundle in Rwanda for Rwf 800 (USD 0.96) that provide 24 hours unlimited data).<\/p>\n
\u2022 Poor network quality and coverage limited the consumption of subsidised data since some respondents, especially in rural areas of Kenya, Rwanda and South Africa, reported that telcos with those offerings did not have coverage in their area. Indeed, many of these users only have access via the most expensive operator in that country.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Women face additional barriers to Internet use, including concern of being exposed to inappropriate content online and its consequences in their intimate relationships and family responsibilities.<\/p>\n
\u201cOur research reveals that a significant urban-rural divide remains in opportunities to access the Internet.\u201d said Dr Alison Gillwald, Executive Director of Research ICT Africa. \u201cToo often the debate over zero-rating glosses over the fact that many people in rural communities don\u2019t even have access to the best subsidised offerings and have to spend largely disproportionate amounts of their already low income on mobile access, and that\u2019s assuming they can even find electricity to charge their devices.\u201d<\/p>\n
\u201cGiven all the controversy around zero-rating, it\u2019s surprising to see how few research respondents in these African countries actually use or depend on zero-rated data. We are, however, seeing a lot of interest in Equal Rating-compliant models which provide access to all of the Internet, not just some parts of it,\u201d said Jochai Ben-Avie, Senior Global Policy Manager at Mozilla. \u201cMore must be done to connect the unconnected. This research makes clear that it\u2019s critical we all focus more on barriers like healthy competition outside urban areas, electricity, digital literacy and gender power relations.\u201d<\/p>\n
Mozilla-backed research reveals affordability a barrier to Internet access in Nigeria \u2022 Many rural users see the Internet as their access to the civilized world and the gateway to the places around the globe where they have friends and family.<\/p>\n \u2022 Overall awareness and use of the Internet has gained traction especially as social interactions, business or career enabler, and majority of participants, whether in rural or urban areas, rank the purchase of data high on their personal expense list.<\/p>\n \u2022 There is a general belief that mobile network operators charge a hidden tariff, and whatever airtime is on the phone will be eventually deducted by the operator if one subscribes to a subsidised service.<\/p>\n \u2022 Many non-users want to use a ‘big phone’ (a smartphone) and would rather wait until they can afford one than use a more limited version of the Internet.<\/p>\n \u2022 Though the price of brand new smartphones keeps dropping and they can be bought for as low as $20, affordability challenges persist.<\/p>\n \u201cEven in a country with some of the lowest rates for data and devices in Africa, the cost of buying a smartphone in Nigeria is still a challenge for many,\u201d said Dr Alison Gillwald, Executive Director or Research ICT Africa. \u201cAffordability gets disproportionate attention, but we need to do much more to improve digital literacy and supply side issues like network quality and speed.\u201d<\/p>\n \u201cThis research demonstrates that Nigerians want access to all of the Internet, not just some parts of it,\u201d said Jochai Ben-Avie, Senior Global Policy Manager at Mozilla. \u201cIf we\u2019re to bring all the Internet to all people, we need to do more to improve digital literacy and understanding of the Internet, especially among low-income individuals and those in rural and deep rural communities. At Mozilla we believe in equal rating for all Internet users so that this shared global resource is not held hostage by the wealthy.\u201d<\/p>\n Mozilla-backed research reveals Kenyans offline due to prohibitive costs and security fears<\/strong><\/p>\n The Communications Authority of Kenya reports that some 38 million people \u2013 about 82% of the population \u2013 were online in 2016. The four mobile operators in the country have 4G Internet connections on mobile but not in all parts of the country. Researchers\u2019 findings include:<\/p>\n \u2022 Social media tops the list of uses for the Internet and there is even a perception among some users that the Internet is about social media.<\/p>\n \u2022 The price of data bundles and Internet-enabled phones render the cost of doing what most users want to do online prohibitive to many.<\/p>\n \u2022 Strategic solutions for high costs include working late into the night before reward bundle periods expire, visiting friends who have Wi-Fi at home, and using multiple promotions from different operators.<\/p>\n \u2022 Even when people have smartphones, they do not always carry them for offline security reasons. In particular, there are concerns that, thieves may frequent areas with free public Wi-Fi in order to steal patrons\u2019 Internet enabled devices.<\/p>\n \u2022 National network coverage was seen to be a challenge for both voice and data, particularly in rural areas.<\/p>\n \u201cWhile Internet access is good in Kenya relative to elsewhere in Africa, real barriers remain to Internet use,\u201d said Research ICT Africa Executive Director Dr Alison Gillwald. \u201cIf we don’t look beyond access issues to the real concerns around privacy and security, for example, we’ll never bring all of the Internet to all people.\u201d<\/p>\n \u201cOne participant in this study reported concerns about getting skin cancer from their phone, proving there\u2019s a lot more we still need to do to improve digital (and health) literacy,\u201d said Mozilla Senior Global Policy Manager Jochai Ben-Avie. \u201cAt the same time, Kenyan Internet penetration is on par with some of the most developed countries, and that\u2019s due to the ingenuity of Kenyans to find ways to connect despite the relatively high cost of data.\u201d<\/p>\n Mozilla-backed research reveals heavy use of subsidised data in Rwanda<\/strong><\/p>\n Internet use and access in Rwanda has been exploding largely due to the Government of Rwanda\u2019s Vision 2020 to enable Rwanda to leap-frog the key stages of industrialisation and transform her agro-based economy into a service, information-rich and knowledge-based one that is globally competitive. While Internet penetration is relatively high, the diversity of content accessed by participants in this study is relatively low. This is of concern. Results of the research including the following findings:<\/p>\n \u2022 Most participants only use a very limited number of websites and services, and make heavy use of subsidised data.<\/p>\n \u2022 While the use of subsidised data services allows mobile network operators to retain a large number of subscribers that use the Internet, an Airtel representative was quoted as saying the company is considering ending their current zero-rating offers because the majority of users that are benefiting from zero-rated services are no longer using other services, and therefore are not spending on data.<\/p>\n \u2022 The types of bundles and packs from the three MNOs keep changing almost every week due to tough competition going on, and some promotion offers \u2013 including zero-rated services \u2013 are not even publicised on the website to prevent competitors access to the information.<\/p>\n \u2022 The majority of participants with mid or high income when asked how they would react if subsidised data was no longer available, responded that they may reduce the time spent on the Internet, while participants with low incomes responded that they may stop using the Internet.<\/p>\n \u2022 Significant access barriers remain, especially in remote areas, including the cost of data as well as illiteracy \u201cRwanda has been a real leader in bringing people online, including through innovative models like Internet connected buses and other public Wi-Fi efforts,\u201d said Dr Alison Gillwald, Executive Director or Research ICT Africa. \u201cThe limited number of sites and services Rwandans use points to the need for the government and other stakeholders to consider issues beyond access that leave many Rwandans accessing just a small part of the Internet.\u201d<\/p>\n \u201cWhile it\u2019s inspiring to see the boom in Internet access in Rwanda, many Rwandans are still stuck in the walled gardens of subsidised services and haven\u2019t experienced the full diversity of the open Internet,\u201d said Jochai Ben-Avie, Mozilla\u2019s Senior Global Policy Manager. \u201cRwanda is a fascinating testbed of different experiments in connecting the unconnected and we hope the Government of Rwanda and other stakeholders will focus on solutions like Equal Rating that seek to bring all of the Internet to all people.\u201d<\/p>\n The research sees opportunity and a greater outlook in the future of Internet use for these countries. Infrastructural issues still need to be addressed in rural areas, in particular to increase quality of service, which would allow users to choose any operator offering the cheapest product. The intensity of use could be enhanced through redirecting universal services funds directed at access, often by subsidising the already planned roll-out of services, towards supporting the roll-out of public Wi-Fi points at all public facilities such as schools, clinics, libraries and police stations.<\/p>\n Other factors limiting the digital participation of the poor and unskilled, particularly women, will require policy interventions than extend way beyond digital policy to the much greater challenges of human development. Without interventions to redress broader social and economic inequality in society more, the entry of more sophisticated services and devices will amplify digital inequality. \t<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Compelling Mozilla-backed research, carried out by Research ICT Africa, finds that significant barriers to Internet access remains in four African countries \u2013 Rwanda, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa. The research aims to understand, from a comparative perspective, how the citizens use the Internet when data is subsidised and when it is not. Knowing that affordability […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":14021,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,399,19,54],"tags":[443,1022,889,297,1011,1797,685,817,1798,680,453],"class_list":["post-14018","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-insights","category-more-news","category-regional-news","category-research","tag-data","tag-digital-literacy","tag-internet","tag-kenya","tag-mobile-network-operator","tag-mozilla","tag-nigeria","tag-research","tag-research-ict-africa","tag-rwanda","tag-south-africa"],"acf":[],"publishpress_future_workflow_manual_trigger":{"enabledWorkflows":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.intelligentcio.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14018","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.intelligentcio.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.intelligentcio.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.intelligentcio.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.intelligentcio.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14018"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.intelligentcio.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14018\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.intelligentcio.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14021"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.intelligentcio.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14018"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.intelligentcio.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14018"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.intelligentcio.com\/africa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14018"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n<\/strong>
\nZero-rated services are still relatively new to the Nigerian market, with Airtel launching Facebook\u2019s Free Basics and Facebook Flex only last year. Awareness and use of zero-rating remains low in Nigeria, a country which enjoys some of the cheapest data prices in Africa. Results of the research included the following findings:<\/p>\n
\nand lack of understanding of foreign languages to manipulate devices and understand Internet content.<\/p>\n